INTRODUCTION - Revision history

Dinoadmin: /* Key dates */

2017-01-09T22:17:35Z

‎Key dates

Dinoadmin: /* General Remarks */

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‎General Remarks

Dinoadmin: /* Important note regarding ages. */

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‎Important note regarding ages.

Dinoadmin at 19:25, 1 January 2017

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Dinoadmin: Created page with "==INTRODUCTION== DINOFLAJ3 is the successor to DINOFLAJ2 (Fensome et al. 2008) and, like DINOFLAJ2, is based in large part on the latest of a s..."

2017-01-01T18:40:31Z

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 onward &mdash; names for fossils can be considered (Article 13.1f)
 onward &mdash; an annotated illustration in place of written description or diagnosis not allowed (Article 38.7)
 onward &mdash; illustration required for new fossil-taxa of genus or lower rank (Article 43.2)
 onward &mdash; rank must be clear (Article 37.1)
 onward &mdash; for new combinations, etc., a full and direct reference to the basionym is required (Article 41.5)
 onward &mdash; designation of holotype necessary for valid publication (Article 40.1)
 onward &mdash; new taxa of living algae require an illustration (Article 44.2)
 onward &mdash; conditions for valid publication must be all met in one place (Article 33.1)
 onward &mdash; indication of a type must include the word typus or equivalent (Article 40.6)
 onward &mdash; the repository of the type must be specified (Article 40.7) in full or as abbreviation
 onward &mdash; each new fossil-taxon must be accompanied by a Latin or English description or diagnosis (Article 43.1)
 onward &mdash; for fossils, at least one illustration must be identified as the holotype (Article 43.3)
 onward &mdash; electronically published names considered for effective publication (Article 29.1)
 onward &mdash; all new taxa must have Latin or English description or diagnosis (as was already the case for fossils) (Article 39.1)

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 ==FORMAT==
-===General Remarks===
+===General Remarks on Format===
 As noted above in the Introduction, the three sections of the Index (Main Index, Appendix A and Appendix B) can be accessed as such in the left side-panel of DINOFLAJ3.  This part of the panel also allows access to subsets of calcareous and siliceous dinoflagellates, which are part of the Main Index.  Items in the Appendices are also indicated as such in the list of genera and taxa at other ranks in the upper part of the left side-panel.

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 A major effort in this edition has been the re-evaluation of 21 references by C. G. Ehrenberg, dating from the 1800s.  Many of his papers were initially presented orally, then printed and distributed as separates, then published in journals, these events commonly taking place in different years.  Given the convoluted nature of establishing actual effective publication dates, the years assigned to some of Ehrenberg's references have varied from publication to publication (by us and others).  Thanks to access to digital reproductions of Ehrenberg's original papers and our re-assessment of information they record, we hope that many of the problems surrounding Ehrenberg's papers have been resolved herein.  However, users should be aware that the dates we now assign to many of Ehrenberg's publications have changed from those given in previous editions of the Index and in DINOFLAJ2.
-===Important note regarding ages.===
+===Important note regarding ages===
 The age cited for each taxon of species or infraspecific rank is, unless otherwise specified, that attributed to it in the protologue.  <B>The age cited in the Index is not intended to be a full or up-to-date statement of the range of the species</B>; users are advised to consult the literature for potentially more detailed and precise information.

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 ==INTRODUCTION==
 DINOFLAJ3 is the successor to DINOFLAJ2 ([[Fensome et al., 2008|Fensome et al. 2008]]) and, like DINOFLAJ2, is based in large part on the latest of a series of publications known as "The Lentin and Williams Index" (hereafter "the Index").  DINOFLAJ2 was founded in large part on the 2004 edition of the Index ([[Fensome and Williams, 2004]]).  This third version of DINOFLAJ is being released in tandem with a new version of the Lentin and Williams Index ([[Williams et al., 2017]]).  DINOFLAJ2 also incorporated suprageneric classification information from [[Fensome et al., 1993b|Fensome et al. (1993b]]).  DINOFLAJ3 also incorporates this information, but it has not been updated or modified for this new version.  The merit of having both a web version of DINOFLAJ3 and a digital formal publication (the Index) is that the former (as well as providing additional information)  offers a modern, flexible, easily accessible database, while the latter enables formal nomenclatural changes to be proposed (see the sections dealing with nomenclature below) and a more conventional presentation for users who prefer that style.
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 ===Important note regarding ages.===
 The age cited for each taxon of species or infraspecific rank is, unless otherwise specified, that attributed to it in the protologue.  <B>The age cited in the Index is not intended to be a full or up-to-date statement of the range of the species</B>; users are advised to consult the literature for potentially more detailed and precise information.
 ==DINOFLAGELLATES==
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 Dinoflagellates include both autotrophs and heterotrophs, and thus the group as a whole is properly referred to as protists rather than algae or protozoa. These organisms have been treated under both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (I.C.B.N.; now the I.C.N.).  To bring a degree of stability to the nomenclature, [[Downie et al., 1961|Downie et al. (1961]]) proposed that all dinoflagellates be treated under the I.C.B.N.  This proposal has been adopted widely (completely for fossils) and in this, as in previous editions of the Index, we follow the rules of "botanical" nomenclature as now found in the I.C.N.  The latest version of the I.C.N. is the "Melbourne Code" ([[McNeill et al., 2012]]; http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php), and it is this version that we refer to unless otherwise stated.  The rules expressed in the I.C.B.N./I.C.N. do change: for example the requirement for an English or Latin diagnosis or description for fossils was instituted in 1995; however, these are not usually retroactive, as that would cause great nomenclatural instability.  In the following section we review the I.C.N., especially as it relates to fossil dinoflagellates.  But we can't over-emphasize that this review should not be used in place of direct reference to the I.C.N.; note that we have generally omitted reference to measures and complications that we consider not relevant to the nomenclature of fossil dinoflagellates.
 ==RULES OF NOMENCLATURE==
 ===General Remarks===
 The I.C.N. (also referred to herein as "the Code") assumes a hierarchical classification, the basic unit being the species.  However, other than this basic exception, the Code is concerned with nomenclature, not taxonomy ([[Fensome and Skog, 1997]]).  Provisions of the I.C.N. can be suspended through a formal process of conservation or rejection of names; names so affected are listed in an appendix to the Code.  Below we highlight key sections of the Code, with examples mainly from this edition of the Index to illustrate the discussion.  The Code is divided into chapters and these are divided into sections and articles.  Here, for expediency, we focus on articles, which are numbered from 1 to 62 cumulatively across sections and chapters.  Related topics are dealt with in paragraphs within an Article, which are generally referred to with numbers subordinate to the appropriate article number: thus the first paragraph in Article 1 is Article 1.1.  Most terms are explained at first mention, but further elucidation for many terms can be found in the Glossary below.  At the end of the section on Rules of Nomenclature we have compiled a list of key dates at which particular rules took effect.
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 ==FORMAT==
 ===General Remarks===
 As noted above in the Introduction, the three sections of the Index (Main Index, Appendix A and Appendix B) can be accessed as such in the left side-panel of DINOFLAJ3.  This part of the panel also allows access to subsets of calcareous and siliceous dinoflagellates, which are part of the Main Index.  Items in the Appendices are also indicated as such in the list of genera and taxa at other ranks in the upper part of the left side-panel.
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 The citation "<I>Tenua</I> Eisenack" is given to distinguish the name from its homonym, "<I>Tenua</I> Davey".
 The sequencing statement for <I>Achilleodinium biformoides </I>is as follows:
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 ==GLOSSARY==
 <B>autonym</B>: According to I.C.N. Article 26.1: "The name of any infraspecific taxon that includes the type of the ... legitimate name of the species to which it is assigned is to repeat the specific epithet unaltered as its final epithet, not followed by an author citation. ....  Such names are termed autonyms ...."  An autonym may be a subspecies, variety or form; and the taxon that an autonym represents may be referred to as the "type subspecies", "type variety" or "type form" of the species.  Subspecific taxa not including the type species are most appropriately compared with the type infraspecific taxon, not with the species.
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 <B>new species</B>: a species name validly published for the first time.
 <B>N.I.A.</B>: noun in apposition; refers to the use of the substantive as a specific or infraspecific epithet of a species name.  The nominative orthography ("original correct spelling") of such an epithet is retained, regardless of the gender of the generic name &mdash; e.g. "<I>Cordosphaeridium cantharellus</I>" not "<I>Cordosphaeridium cantharellum</I>".  ("<I>Cantharellus</I>" is a genus of mushroom &mdash; all generic names are nouns.)

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 ==INTRODUCTION==
-      DINOFLAJ3 is the successor to DINOFLAJ2 ([[Fensome et al., 2008|Fensome et al. 2008]]) and, like DINOFLAJ2, is based in large part on the latest of a series of publications known as "The Lentin and Williams Index" (hereafter "the Index").  DINOFLAJ2 was founded in large part on the 2004 edition of the Index ([[Fensome and Williams, 2004]]).  This third version of DINOFLAJ is being released in tandem with a new version of the Lentin and Williams Index ([[Williams et al., 2017]]).  DINOFLAJ2 also incorporated suprageneric classification information from [[Fensome et al., 1993b|Fensome et al. (1993b]]).  DINOFLAJ3 also incorporates this information, but it has not been updated or modified for this new version.  The merit of having both a web version of DINOFLAJ3 and a digital formal publication (the Index) is that the former (as well as providing additional information)  offers a modern, flexible, easily accessible database, while the latter enables formal nomenclatural changes to be proposed (see the sections dealing with nomenclature below) and a more conventional presentation for users who prefer that style.
+DINOFLAJ3 is the successor to DINOFLAJ2 ([[Fensome et al., 2008|Fensome et al. 2008]]) and, like DINOFLAJ2, is based in large part on the latest of a series of publications known as "The Lentin and Williams Index" (hereafter "the Index").  DINOFLAJ2 was founded in large part on the 2004 edition of the Index ([[Fensome and Williams, 2004]]).  This third version of DINOFLAJ is being released in tandem with a new version of the Lentin and Williams Index ([[Williams et al., 2017]]).  DINOFLAJ2 also incorporated suprageneric classification information from [[Fensome et al., 1993b|Fensome et al. (1993b]]).  DINOFLAJ3 also incorporates this information, but it has not been updated or modified for this new version.  The merit of having both a web version of DINOFLAJ3 and a digital formal publication (the Index) is that the former (as well as providing additional information)  offers a modern, flexible, easily accessible database, while the latter enables formal nomenclatural changes to be proposed (see the sections dealing with nomenclature below) and a more conventional presentation for users who prefer that style.
        As with previous editions of the Index and versions of DINOFLAJ, the main objective of DINOFLAJ3 is to list all dinoflagellate genera, species and infraspecific taxa based on fossil or fossilizable types included in the literature (in both the 2017 Index and DINOFLAJ3 available to the authors by 31 July 2016), with an assessment of their nomenclatural and taxonomic status.  Where life-cycle relationships are known for younger fossils, we indicate the name of the motile equivalent of the cyst name.
        The various versions of the Index have three sections: Main Index, Appendix A and Appendix B.  These are maintained in conventional fashion in the Index edition that parallels DINOFLAJ3, and can be accessed as such in the left side-panel of DINOFLAJ3.  This part of the panel also allows access to subsets of calcareous and siliceous dinoflagellates, which are part of the Main Index.  Items in the Appendices are also indicated as such in the list of genera and taxa at other ranks in the upper part of the left side-panel.