Galea twistringiensis

"twistringiensis" Maier, 1959, p.308-309, pl.30, figs.3-4.  Holotype: Maier, 1959, pl.30, fig.3; Sarjeant, 1983, pl.5, fig.3.  NOW Spiniferites.  Originally Galea (generic name illegitimate), subsequently Baltisphaeridium (Appendix A), thirdly Areoligera, fourthly (and now) Spiniferites.  Taxonomic junior synonyms: Hystrichosphaera ramosa var. multibrevis (now Spiniferites multibrevis), according to Sarjeant (1983, p.94-95), who correctly believed the epithet "multibrevis" to be senior at the rank of variety; Achomosphaera (al. Spiniferites) cambra, by implication in Jain (1982, p.51), who considered this species to be a taxonomic junior synonym of Hystrichosphaera ramosa var. multibrevis (as Spiniferites ramosus subsp. multibrevis).  Following I.C.B.N. Article 55.1, the species name Galea twistringiensis is validly published even though the generic name Galea is illegitimate.  According to Fensome et al. (1990, p.639) "Lentin and Williams (1985, p.140,333) and Lentin and Williams (1989, p.347) brought together the synonymies proposed by Jain (1982) and Sarjeant (1983), but also accepted the elevation of the variety (and later subspecies) 'multibrevis' to specific rank as Spiniferites multibrevis.  Lentin and Williams (1985, 1989) considered the epithet 'multibrevis' to be senior.  Since the latter epithet was not raised to specific rank until Below (1982c, p.35) did so, the epithets 'twistringiensis' (validly published in 1964) and 'cambrus' (erected in 1970) are both senior to 'multibrevis' at specific rank.  Thus, following the synonymies cited above and considering this taxon at specific rank, the correct name is Spiniferites twistringiensis....  The specific epithet has commonly been misspelled 'twistringense'." Age: Late Oligocene-Mid Miocene.

Parent: Galea