Pithonella
PITHONELLA Lorenz, 1902, p.46. Emendations: Bignot and Lezaud, 1964, p.140; Villain, 1977, p.144; Masters and Scott, 1978, p.215; Keupp, 1987, p.39; Zügel, 1994, p.24. Calcareous dinoflagellate genus (see Streng et al.,2004, p.483 and Elbrächter et al., 2008, p.1301, the latter noting that the cyst wall is pithonelloid and so a dinoflagellate affinity is questionable — see also below). Taxonomic junior synonyms: Pirumella, by implication in Keupp (1981, p.44), who considered the "type species" of Pirumella, Pirumella edithvincentiae, to be a taxonomic junior synonym of Pithonella (now Pirumella) thayeri — however, Lentin and Williams (1993, p.517) retained Pirumella; Palinosphaera, by implication in Zügel (1994, p.17), who transferred the type of that genus to Pithonella — see under Palinosphaera for a full discussion; Cadosinella, according to Wendler et al. (2013, p.1098), although these authors did not propose any related species transfers; Calcisphaerula, according to Villain (1977, p.144) and Wendler et al. (2013, p.1098) (but see Elbrächter et al., 2008, p.1299); Andriella and Wallia, both according to Wendler et al. (2013, p.1098). Keupp in Keupp and Mutterlose (1984) included in Pithonella forms of unknown affinity only; forms which are demonstrably dinoflagellates were included in Obliquipithonella and Orthopithonella. However, Willems (1995a, p.61) considered Pithonella to represent calcareous dinoflagellate cysts. Wendler et al. (2013, p.1098) considered that Pithonella has probable affiliation with dinoflagellates, although they confusingly listed the genus under both Calcitarcha (see Versteegh et al., 2009) and Division Dinoflagellata; for the present we provisionally retain it as a dinoflagellate. Type: not designated; "type species" — Pithonella ovalis.
Parent: Subfamily Calciodinelloideae
Species List:
Pithonella antarctica
"Pithonella atlantica"
Pithonella atopa
"Pithonella bassriverensis"
"Pithonella bilamellata"
"Pithonella bollii"
Pithonella brezovica
Pithonella cardiiformis
"Pithonella carteri"
Pithonella caucasia
Pithonella caucasica
"Pithonella compsa"
"Pithonella cookii"
"Pithonella cylindrica"
Pithonella diconica
Pithonella discoidea
"Pithonella echinosa"
"Pithonella edgarii"
"Pithonella excentrica"
"Pithonella francadecimae"
"Pithonella fusiformis"
"Pithonella globosa"
"Pithonella globulus"
"Pithonella gustafsonii"
"Pithonella guttula"
"Pithonella hannoverana"
"Pithonella heirtzleri"
"Pithonella helentappaniae"
Pithonella innominata
"Pithonella johnstonei"
"Pithonella krasheninnikovii"
Pithonella lamellata
"Pithonella lepidota"
"Pithonella loeblichii"
"Pithonella longiporosa"
"Pithonella loricata"
"Pithonella mcnightii"
"Pithonella megalithica"
*Pithonella melloi
Pithonella microgranula
"Pithonella miniaperta"
"Pithonella multicava"
"Pithonella multistrata"
"Pithonella nonarenziae"
Pithonella organica
*Pithonella ovalis
"Pithonella oviformis"
"Pithonella paratabulata"
"Pithonella parva"
"Pithonella patriciagreeleyae"
Pithonella perlonga
"Pithonella piriformis"
"Pithonella porata"
"Pithonella porosa"
"Pithonella pycnothecata"
Pithonella pyramidalis
"Pithonella quiltyi"
"Pithonella robinsonii"
"Pithonella rockeri"
"Pithonella sheilasantawae"
Pithonella siniformis
"Pithonella sliteri"
Pithonella sphaerica
"Pithonella spinosa"
"Pithonella squalida"
"Pithonella squamosa"
"Pithonella strobila"
"Pithonella tanyphloia"
"Pithonella thayeri"
"Pithonella titanoplax"
"Pithonella tithonica"
"Pithonella transitoria"
Pithonella trejoi
"Pithonella trilamellata"
"Pithonella tuberculata"
"Pithonella usheri"
"Pithonella veeversii"
Pithonella velardei
"Pithonella williambensonii"
"Pithonella woodburyensis"